Backward digit span cognitive control
Neither skill had enhanced inhibitory control. Results revealed that musically trained individuals, but not bilinguals, had enhanced working memory. Multiple tasks per cognitive ability were used to examine the coherency of any training effects. Young adults ( n = 153) were categorized into one of four groups: monolingual musician bilingual musician bilingual non-musician and monolingual non-musician.
#Backward digit span cognitive control plus
To assess whether cognitive benefits from training exist, and how unique they are to each training domain, the current study compared musicians and bilinguals to each other, plus to individuals who had expertise in both skills, or neither. Further, each form of expertise has been independently investigated leaving it unclear whether any benefits are specifically caused by each skill or are a result of skill learning in general. Early studies suggested the possibility of a cognitive advantage from musical training and bilingualism but have failed to be replicated by recent findings. The current study investigated whether long-term experience in music or a second language is associated with enhanced cognitive functioning.